Harriet Tubman

Image credit: National Women’s History Museum

With absolute and total reverence, they called her ‘The General’. Or ‘Moses’. At only 5 feet, 2 inches, Harriet Tubman was an African American woman born into slavery (circa March 1822) in USA, who achieved the impossible.

HerStory

What makes Harriet Tubman’s story so fascinating is that she was born into what’s possibly the lowliest circumstance a human being can be born into. As a black female enslaved in 19th century US, she was supposedly worth less than any other category of human. As a child, she was abused, beaten and whipped by several slave masters. Yet, she escaped slavery in the American South to become one of the world’s most renowned icons of bravery, freedom and possibility. Harriet Tubman was one of the country’s leading abolitionists before and during the American Civil War (1861 to 1865). In 13 highly dangerous rescue missions, she led 70 enslaved African Americans to freedom in the North along the route known as the Underground Railroad.

In a move that earned her the title ‘General Tubman’, Harriet Tubman created the strategy and plans to help fellow abolitionist, John Brown, in the Harper’s Ferry Raid. The raid freed over 700 enslaved African Americans. It’s a historic and powerful precipitating event that led to the American Civil War.

Oh, and did I mention she did all of this after suffering a traumatic head injury that caused pain, dizziness and bouts of hypersomnia throughout her life? The injury happened when a slave master threw a heavy metal object at another enslaved person and it hit Harriet on the head.  

There was a bounty of $40,000 for her capture which today would be the equivalent of about $830,419! After the war, she became a political activist, humanitarian and activist in the suffrage movement.  

Deeply moving

I first heard this Shero’s story in school when I was about 8 years old during Black History Month in the US. Up until that point, no other story had stirred me so deeply to the point of making me tremble with inspiration. Looking back on that moment, I dare say it was a mature reaction for an 8-year-old. Which is a testament to the power of a story such as this one.

Can you imagine the level of love, courage and pure chutzpah it took in order to selflessly dedicate her life to service in the way that she did? It’s almost unimaginable but I think her intuition guided her to victory. Looking at her circumstances: she had little or no resources, deemed to be of little value by society, potentially had little or no emotional/mental support and I’m guessing at the beginning of her activity, people thought she was crazy! And yet with relentless defiance she literally and metaphorically rose up and forged her own path where it seemed utterly impossible. In the process, she carved a freeway for hundreds and subsequently millions of people to experience physical and mental freedom. Like the story of Moses in the bible, Harriet Tubman’s actions earned her the venerated name, Moses. This is her legacy.

I wrote an article about Harriet Tubman this time last year. My fascination with her story does not diminish. With last month being Black History Month in the US, this week is International Women’s Day week and her period of birth speculated to be in the month of March, it feels like a good time to share HerStory.

♥ Nina Gbor

Instagram: @eco.styles

Climate change has the biggest impact on women but how can we fix it?

Image credit: Information Age

For both palpable and less obvious reasons, women are crucial to the survival and thriving of our species on multiple levels. From past millennia to date, women have been a perpetual force in upholding family units and communities. And a force that contributes significantly to powering economies. In fact, if we’re serious about creating positive change on a global scale, we need to empower many more women. Yet, of the billions of people in the world living below the poverty line, 70% are women. Based on the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is evident that people who economically and socially are most vulnerable and marginalised experience the greatest impacts when it comes to climate change. Women fall into this demographic. If we continue to allow this to happen, climatic catastrophes will prove even more fatal for humanity. Therefore, avoiding further climate breakdown by protecting women and the environment is imminent.

Climate change bears its brunt mostly on the bottom 2 billion people on the planet. Even though the poorer half of the world’s population generates just 10% of emissions, the Global South suffers at least 75% of the costs of climate change. Wealthy countries in the Global North by far have always been the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases. According to the Director of Feedback, Carina Millstone, “citizens living in the countries with the lowest per capita consumption of resources consume two tons of materials per person per year for their food and shelter; while those living in countries with the highest per capita consumption use 60 tons of materials per capita per year.”

Women in the Global South are disproportionately impacted more than any other demographic. For instance, UN figures indicate that women make up for 80% of people displaced by climate change. Tasks such as household chores, family care giving, fetching water and gathering energy sources like charcoal and firewood for heating and cooking, and of course agriculture make women more vulnerable when disaster strikes. Disasters such as flooding, droughts, deforestation, coastal storms, extreme and unpredictable weather patterns, soil erosion, etc displace women usually through life or death circumstances.

Image credit: Nandhu Kumar

When it comes to the susceptibility of women in the Global South, social, cultural and economic factors such as differential roles, lack of credit and poor infrastructure are also to blame. Access to decision-making, tech, training and extension services that would enhance their capacity to adapt to climate change are insufficient or non-existent. Moreover, as a result of continuous impacts of inequality, colonialism and racism, women from the Global South and women of colour in some regions experience an even heavier burden when it comes to climate change. And finally, women in the world have less access to agricultural land.  The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) stated that around two-thirds of the female workforce in the Global South is involved in agricultural work. However, they own less than 10% of the land despite leading the world's food production by 50 - 80%. Before we explore ways of fixing these issues, let’s have a more holistic, in-depth look at some of the specificities around climate disasters that impact women:

Extreme rain and droughts - With rising temperatures, there has been and there will continue to be more floods in some areas and droughts in others. Flooding drowns food crops and droughts dry them up. This leads to food scarcity which is the precursor to other issues such as poverty through livelihoods being destroyed, malnutrition and starvation.

Food scarcity – Girls and women have a greater susceptibility to malnutrition and vector-borne diseases which are made more prevalent by climate change. And they’re more likely than boys to get less food during times of food scarcity. These food shortages cause communities to go to war over shrinking food resources.

Image credit: Guardian.co.uk

Life security – Women face heightened safety risks during times of war, conflict and disasters with issues like domestic violence, sexual assault, human trafficking and other human rights violations. With limited access to information and limited movement outside their homes, women are 14 times more likely than men to die during disasters, according to reports by the African Development Bank.

Lack of socioeconomic power - Women in the Global North are also affected by climate change. With less socioeconomic power, women overall experience more poverty than men. It, therefore, becomes harder for them to recover from disasters that have affected jobs, infrastructure and housing. An example is Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA in 2005. The city had a high level of poverty amongst its African American residents. They were most affected by the hurricane flooding. Scientists predict that as sea levels rise from climate change, low-lying cities like New Orleans are at risk of flooding.

Education – Women are more likely than men to end formal education early in multiple regions. In Africa, female illiteracy rates were over 55% in 2000, compared to 41% for men. This means they are far less likely to get into leadership positions where they can influence climate mitigation policies.  On this matter, environmental scientist Diana Liverman said, "Women are often not involved in the decisions made about the responses to climate change, so the money ends up going to the men rather than the women.” Because women are likely to do more work to secure household livelihoods during extreme weather circumstances, they have less time to access training and education, develop skills or earn income.

Image credit: Yogendra Singh

Disaster survival – An Oxfam report stated that in the wake of the 2004 tsunami, the men who survived the disaster outnumbered women by almost 3:1 in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India. It was reported that women spent more time trying to save their children, which delayed their efforts to escape the tsunami. They were also less likely to know how to swim than men. The 2004 tsunami was not a climate change disaster, however, due to the rise in sea levels from climate change and the loss of coastal ecosystems, tsunamis are expected to intensify. This, however, serves as an example of how expectations on women to provide family care also has uneven effects during times of disaster.

Life expectancy – A study of natural disasters spanning 20 years found that catastrophic events lowered the life expectancy of women more than men. In countries where women had higher socio-economic power, fewer women, in general, were killed and fewer women were killed at a young age.

Water shortage – When climate changes cause water bodies to shrink, it impacts the lives of those who are dependent on it. In Central Africa for example, 90% of Lake Chad in West Africa has encroached. Millions of people across five nations use Lake Chad as their water source. As the lake shrinks, women have to walk much further to get water for their families.

Image credit: UN IHE Delft Institute for Water Education

Internal displacement and refugees – Many women are forced into displacement from their homes or forced to become cross-border refugees as a result of climate change factors such as rising sea levels in West Africa and drying river basins in Southern and Eastern Africa. According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHRC), adolescent girls and women are refugees at the highest risk of being trafficked for sexual slavery while in transit to a foreign land and of experiencing gender-based violence while in the refugee camps. Women risk assault at the camps when they venture out of the protected environment in search of water and firewood.  

Social vulnerability - Social vulnerability can come from lower wages, financial insecurity and inequality. In East Africa and Pakistan for example, drought and flooding have impacted farming, respectively. Men have a higher chance of relocating for higher wages than women. Women typically are unable to migrate due to family care-taking commitments.

How can we fix the disproportionate impacts from climate change?

The simple answer is to end all activities that perpetuate climate change. As I’ll explain later, indigenous women and communities in the Global South have centuries worth of ecological knowledge on mitigating some aspects of climate damage and implementing environmental restoration. In an equal spirit of partnership and cooperation, perhaps we can combine this traditional, organic and resourceful knowledge with modern technology for broader application to prevent, solve or restore some of the environmental damage. In any case, here are several more suggestions:

1. Imminent zero emission targets

Immediate action is required to protect women made vulnerable by climate change. Emphasis should be placed on protecting people and planet today, not protecting the future. The greatest concern should be for the people that rely on natural resources, the environment and climate every day to survive. Several of the biggest global zero-emission targets by corporations and nations are set to happen by 2050 but vulnerable people do not have 10, 20 or 30 years to wait. Therefore, global zero-emission targets need to accelerate towards present day, not 2030.

We’re currently overshooting the planet’s resources by 60% each year with regards to production and the earth’s ability to absorb and replenish resources that we consume. Our excessive overconsumption is driven by a few rich countries. The 2030 target has a higher chance of succeeding if we start with the 20 biggest greenhouse gas emitter companies in the world, especially with the participation of the US, China and India.

2. Propagate traditional knowledge and wisdom

Despite vulnerability, women should not only be seen as climate change victims. They have proven to be resourceful agents of adaptation and disaster mitigation. Historically, indigenous women and women from the Global South have an organic knowledge of the ecosystem that empowers them to feed their families and uphold communities in the face of disaster and dwindling resources. International geographer, Hindou Ourmarou Ibrahim says Indigenous women have the knowledge of adapting and restoring the forests after a disaster because indigenous people all over the world are very directly dependent on natural resources for food, medicine, education and of course survival. This way of survival has become extremely difficult for indigenous societies in the wake of widespread ecological changes in their environments resulting from climate change.

Indigenous people see themselves as part of the ecosystem with an unparalleled knowledge of the environment developed over centuries where they have depended directly on the forests for dwelling, food, education, medicine, safety, etc. This relationship has advanced their skills in things like preventing and restoring rain rainforests after burning. grandmother in Pacific will know where to get crops after the hurricane to feed her family. In Chad, nomads when they move with cattle, they know how to restore the ecosystem. When it comes to sustainable business practices, the knowledge of indigenous people is a valuable resource and indigenous people are a valuable partner that can protect environment, business.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan Saatchi

 3. Representation

Every societal challenge we face will be better addressed if women and girls participate equally in both diagnosing and treating the problems. Women are best placed to devise responses that are effective and advance their own rights.

The UN has emphasised the need for a gender-sensitive approach to climate issues. And the 2015 Paris Agreement has specific provision for the inclusion and empowerment of women. Despite this, there is only a 30% representation of women in the average global and national climate negotiating bodies. A research study by the Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences found that only 20% of the scientists that authored the IPCC report were female identifying. It concluded that “the scientific community benefits from incorporating scientists from all genders, including women from the Global South. Therefore, intersectionality across multiple and diverse barriers such as race, nationality, disciplinary affliction and language are crucial to progress.

Image credit: Marc Cooriolesi

4. Policy and decision-making

Policies must be designed to include outcomes that improve the living conditions of women most affected by climate change. On the matter, Former President Jimmy Carter and Karin D. Ryan said, “… women are far too often excluded from decision making at all levels of environmental policy making.” “We have to think bigger, act quicker, and include everyone.” People in leadership positions need to actively do more to ensure girls and women are in leadership positions under equitable circumstances and with gender-responsive outcomes under the climate movement.

Women of the Global South, being the most impacted must also have full participation in top-level decision-making.  The priorities and needs of women must be reflected in planning, development and funding. Fundamental gender issues should be an intrinsic part of policy formation, for instance, equal access to credit resources, training services, tech and education. 

Women should also be part of the decision-making process at national and local levels when it comes to resource allocation for climate change initiatives, gender-sensitive investments in projects for mitigation, sustainable development, capacity-building, technology and adaptation.

In Fiji for example, at the community level, groups constituting and lead by women have enhanced the resilience of market vendors against floods, drought and cyclones.

5. Access to education & tech

In 1856, at a time when the work of female scientists were neither acknowledged nor respected, Eunice Foote managed to become the first scientist to lay the foundation of what we know as the greenhouse gas effect, by highlighting the connection between excessive carbon dioxide and increased atmospheric temperatures. The story of Eunice Foote is a symbolic reminder that many intelligent girls and women just need education and opportunities to enable their capability to contribute to creative solutions that will end the crisis. By ignoring the need to educate women and girls in the Global South, we may have lost countless solutions to the crisis that we will never know of. And we will continue to miss out on potential solutions if we do not take action on this matter. This need to invest in education for this demographic is an urgent matter.

Image credit: Girls Not Brides

Clean energy technologies should be devised and implemented in consultation with local women to reduce harmful emissions whilst aiding their economic productivity and security. Provision should be made for rural communities that don’t have electric power to gain access to affordable renewable solar micro grid energy. This is way more cost effective than coal plants. Access to tech and services can help farmers end food insecurity in their communities. In some instances, tech can potentially broaden the application of the indigenous, ecological climate initiatives.

6. Socioeconomic factors

40% of the poorest households in the world are headed by women. The idea that ending climate change has to undermine the living standards and ambitions of the world’s poorest people is a fallacy. As climate change and poverty are interwoven, we should aspire to have practical solutions to both issues simultaneously by refocusing on the living standards of women in the Global South. According to economic anthropologist, Jason Hickel, there's about 700 billion dollars in debt floating around the global South that needs to be cancelled.

Unsustainable sovereign debt restricts many developing countries from providing adequate support in climate crises. These governments are forced to divert funding from social services to maintain debt repayments to their international creditors. Widespread debt cancellation across the South is needed to get rid of unpayable debts that basically chain global South nations to their creditors instead of directing resources towards environmental restoration and disaster mitigation to save lives and livelihoods. Widespread application of this effort will require the influence and cooperation within the IMF, the World Bank, the Paris Club and the G20.

On a different note, initiatives and bodies that fund climate projects should make efforts to work around social, cultural and economic obstacles that prevent women from receiving such opportunities. A good example of gender-sensitive approach to operations and policies is the Green Climate Fund’s gender policy.  

7. Economic degrowth, decoupling and redistribution

Currently we’re overshooting our planet’s biocapacity by about 60% each year with regards to the earth’s ability to absorb our waste and replenish resources. Excessive overconsumption and the constant pursuit of material economic growth by nations hoping to increase their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is mostly responsible for this. This overshoot is of course accelerating environmental degradation, obliterating biodiversity and furthering climate change which is in turn affecting women.

Perhaps we can stop measuring our economic success by GDP because it doesn’t take ecological damage into account. For instance, the loss or damage to biodiversity, land, trees and other resources. Nor does GDP include domestic contributions largely done by women. If it did, perhaps poverty levels for would be reduced and women might be in better financial positions.  

What if GDP calculations included environmental preservation factors and levels of poverty eradication as a measure for economic success. An option on this pathway might be to look at models for degrowth and decoupling. Economic anthropologist, Jason Hickel talks about ditching our addiction to GDP growth through absolute decoupling of GDP from material use.

Degrowth means a planned economic shift from ecological overshoot to significant reduction in resource use in the Global North economies. The idea to reduce and maintain global resource use at sustainable levels. This post capitalist model means less focus on material growth. With regards to decoupling, economies that can detach environmental degradation while sustaining economic growth and minimising the amount of resources such as fossil fuels and water are described as decoupled. The focus is on growing the economy without the corresponding environmental pressure. It can also be explained as the "equitable downscaling of production and consumption that increases human well-being and enhances ecological conditions at the local and global level" (Schneider et al., 2010). Models like these would diminish the pillaging of natural resources and hence, the negative environmental domino effect on women.

Another solution could be to evolve past capitalism and eradicate poverty simply by redistributing existing yields of economy from the wealthy nations, institutions, or individuals to the poor. We wouldn’t need to plunder the earth for more resources for economic growth to do this. Yet still, it would bridge the poverty divide and give women a fairer chance at thriving in climate damage circumstances and disasters.

♥ Nina Gbor

References:

1. https://www.wecaninternational.org/why-women

2. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2016/women-grapple-harsh-weather

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51u4JECraLQ

4. https://www.brookings.edu/research/girls-education-in-climate-strategies/

5. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/womenin-shadow-climate-change

6. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/03/08/power-structures-gender-make-women-vulnerable-climate-change/

7. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/9/2060

8. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43294221#:~:text=Women%20are%20more%20likely%20than,when%20flooding%20and%20drought%20occur.

9. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HRAndClimateChange/Pages/GenderResponsiveClimateAction.aspx

10. https://time.com/5739622/women-girls-climate-action/

11. https://www.dw.com/en/climate-induced-sea-level-rise-to-worsen-tsunami-impacts/a-45730449

12. http://thesustainabilityagenda.com/episode-56-interview-dr-jason-hickel-author-divide/

13. file:///C:/Users/ninag/Downloads/9719.pdf

14. https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-11-26/climate-change-worse-women/11735842

15. https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/oxfam-international-tsunami-evaluation-summary_3.pdf

16. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/why-economic-degrowth-ethical-imperative

17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652610000259

Harriet Tubman; a self-empowerment icon for the millennium

Photo: Benjamin F. Powelson Collection of the National Museum of African American History and Culture shared with the Library of Congress, 2017.30.4

At the intersection of US’ Black History Month in February and International Women’s Day in March, the zeitgeist compels me to share the story of Harriet Tubman. There are several historical and public figures that have inspired the world such as Michelle Obama, Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Audrey Hepburn, Oprah Winfrey and Abraham Lincoln. However, Tubman’s story makes her one of the greatest symbols of self-empowerment that the world has ever seen.  

Harriet Tubman was an African American woman born into slavery in 1822 yet escaped to become one of history’s most noted abolitionists, activist for racial equality, women’s rights & the suffrage movement. Not only was Harriet Tubman the first black woman in the United States Army, she was also the first woman to lead an armed military operation in the United States. Tubman has become an icon for courage and freedom.

Early life

Harriet Tubman was a woman who rose from seemingly impossible circumstances to become immensely powerful, very clever and accomplished. She was born in a country and in a time when a black female was considered the lowest cast of humans with the least amount of value in most cases. Earlier in her life, Tubman suffered a traumatic head wound when an angry slave owner threw a heavy metal weight intending to hit another slave that hit her instead. The injury caused pain, dizziness and bouts of hypersomnia, which occurred throughout her life. Tubman was unable to read or write. Despite all of these circumstances, she freed approximately 770 slaves throughout her life.

Underground Railroad

Tubman escaped slavery in Maryland in 1849 and fled 90 miles to freedom in Philadelphia. Despite her hard-earned freedom, she selflessly returned 13 times over 8 years to help free a total of 70 slaves including her entire family and other slaves. With a bounty on her head, Tubman persisted to venture on these heroic journeys. The Underground Railroad was used in their route to freedom which was North, and then later they ventured further North into Canada. Tubman was never caught. She carried a small pistol for protection against slave catchers. The pistol was also useful for encouraging faint-hearted runaways from returning to their owners because it would risk the safety of the rest of the group, and potentially sabotage future rescue missions. For this reason, it’s been alleged that whenever runaways insisted on turning back, Harriet would pull out her pistol and say, “dead men tell no tales”. And they would carry on with the journey. However, she never shot any of them. She helped former slaves find employment in their new places.

US Civil War

When the American Civil War began in 1861, Tubman worked for the Union Army as a cook, nurse, armed scout and eventually as a spy. She later became the first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war, as she brazenly led the Combahee Ferry raid in South Carolina that freed 700 slaves. After the war, Tubman raised funds to aid freed men, established the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged where she housed and took care of the elderly. She also became active in the women's suffrage movement. Tubman died in 1913. She was buried with military honours.

Photo: Getty Images.

Legacy

Dozens of schools were named in her honour, in addition to a museum in Aubury, New York and other institutions.  The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that Tubman’s portrait would be centred on the new $20 bill. In May 2019, U.S. Treasury Secretary announced that there would be a delay until 2026 at the earliest.

Fortunately a film was made in 2019, chronicling Tubman’s life called Harriet. See the trailer below.  

Given the socio-political issues that we have today with gender and race inequalities, climate injustice or even how bad we feel our lives are, it helps to look at people like Tubman. She reminds us that change is possible. And that anything is possible. She symbolises a benchmark for knowing that we can find strength within ourselves even when it seems all hope is lost. It’s humbling to know that a woman, born as a slave, without resources, status and legally no right to even call her own life her own, could create such a legacy in the 1800s. All I’m saying is, whatever positive change we’re hoping to create in the world or within our personal lives, just know that YOU ABSOLUTELY CAN!

♥ Nina Gbor

Instagram: @eco.styles

References:

https://www.biography.com/activist/harriet-tubman

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/harriet-tubman

https://www.history.com/news/harriet-tubman-combahee-ferry-raid-civil-war

Secret Sisterhood social enterprise for women

Nina Gbor on the left hand side. Jacquie Love on the right hand side.

I’m all for social enterprises that empower, uplift and inspire women. I spotted the lovely Jacquie Love outside of the International Women’s Day event, held by the UN Women National Committee Australia in Canberra last month. 

Jacquie was raising funds for UN Women’s gender inequality initiatives by selling beautiful jewellery she designs for the label she founded, Secret Sisterhood. It’s a mission/purpose driven social enterprise that employs women in India to make the jewellery and then gives 100% of profits to charities aimed at ending gender inequality. 

Secret Sisterhood is also a movement, a growing community of women and girls with the collective goal of ending gender equality. They are a global community connecting through events, services and of course jewellery.  One of the things that caught my eye at the UN Women event were the compliment cards from Secret Sisterhood. Inscribed with phrases like “You are really strong” or “You should be so proud”, this is the perfect thing to completely shift someone’s day into a happy one. I might even keep a few in my wallet as my self-love affirmations.

I also loved their Intentional Words jewellery line each with words like Love, Gratitude, Kindness and Peace. These are pieces I would wear with nearly any style of outfit. It feels good having a positive word or symbol with me all day long. 

Needless to say, I’m now officially a fan of Secret Sisterhood. It’s one of the exemplary enterprises, showing how a business can be run in a way that uplifts, supports everyone involved.  

*Photos from Nina Gbor and supplied by Secret Sisterhood

♥ Nina Gbor